What Is Agent Observability? Traces, Loop Rate, Tool Errors, and Cost per Successful Task
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Implementing ECDSA from Scratch Without Libraries
<h2> Introduction </h2> <p>In the <a href="https://ktaka.blog.ccmp.jp/en/2026/WebCryptoEcdsa" rel="noopener noreferrer">previous article</a>, we used the Web Crypto API's <code>crypto.subtle</code> to sign and verify with ECDSA. The API made it easy, but the internals remained a black box.</p> <p>In this article, we implement ECDSA signing and verification from scratch using only basic arithmetic and mod — no crypto libraries. We output intermediate values at every step to see exactly what's happening.</p> <p>The code and explanations in this article were developed through conversation with AI (Claude). The idea of using a small curve to keep all values to two digits, and the structure of showing intermediate values at each step, emerged from that discussion.</p> <h2> Approach: Using a Sma
Apple Just Killed a $100M Vibe Coding App. Here's the Security Angle Nobody's Talking About.
<p>Last week, Apple removed "Anything" from the App Store. The startup had raised $11M at a $100M valuation. Gone overnight.</p> <p>Replit and Vibecode are also blocked from releasing updates.</p> <p>The tech press is calling it anticompetitive. X is full of takes about Apple killing innovation. The narrative is simple: Apple wants you to use Xcode with their AI tools, not third-party vibe coding apps.</p> <p>But here's what nobody's talking about: <strong>Apple cited Guideline 2.5.2</strong>. And that's a security rule, not a competition rule.</p> <h2> What Guideline 2.5.2 Actually Says </h2> <blockquote> <p>"Apps should be self-contained in their bundles, and may not read or write data outside the designated container area, nor may they download, install, or execute code which introduces
When LangChain Is Enough: How to Build Useful AI Apps Without Overengineering
<h1> When LangChain Is Enough: How to Build Useful AI Apps Without Overengineering </h1> <p>Most AI apps do not fail because they started too simple.</p> <p>They fail because the team introduced complexity before they had earned the need for it.</p> <p>That is the default mistake in AI engineering right now. Not underengineering. <strong>Overengineering too early.</strong></p> <p>A team ships a working prototype with prompt + tools. Then somebody decides that a “real” system needs orchestration. Then someone else proposes explicit state machines, checkpointing, multiple agents, delegation, recovery paths, approval flows, and a runtime architecture diagram that looks like an airport subway map.</p> <p>Meanwhile, the product still only needs to:</p> <ul> <li>answer a question,</li> <li>call
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Implementing ECDSA from Scratch Without Libraries
<h2> Introduction </h2> <p>In the <a href="https://ktaka.blog.ccmp.jp/en/2026/WebCryptoEcdsa" rel="noopener noreferrer">previous article</a>, we used the Web Crypto API's <code>crypto.subtle</code> to sign and verify with ECDSA. The API made it easy, but the internals remained a black box.</p> <p>In this article, we implement ECDSA signing and verification from scratch using only basic arithmetic and mod — no crypto libraries. We output intermediate values at every step to see exactly what's happening.</p> <p>The code and explanations in this article were developed through conversation with AI (Claude). The idea of using a small curve to keep all values to two digits, and the structure of showing intermediate values at each step, emerged from that discussion.</p> <h2> Approach: Using a Sma
Apple Just Killed a $100M Vibe Coding App. Here's the Security Angle Nobody's Talking About.
<p>Last week, Apple removed "Anything" from the App Store. The startup had raised $11M at a $100M valuation. Gone overnight.</p> <p>Replit and Vibecode are also blocked from releasing updates.</p> <p>The tech press is calling it anticompetitive. X is full of takes about Apple killing innovation. The narrative is simple: Apple wants you to use Xcode with their AI tools, not third-party vibe coding apps.</p> <p>But here's what nobody's talking about: <strong>Apple cited Guideline 2.5.2</strong>. And that's a security rule, not a competition rule.</p> <h2> What Guideline 2.5.2 Actually Says </h2> <blockquote> <p>"Apps should be self-contained in their bundles, and may not read or write data outside the designated container area, nor may they download, install, or execute code which introduces
When LangChain Is Enough: How to Build Useful AI Apps Without Overengineering
<h1> When LangChain Is Enough: How to Build Useful AI Apps Without Overengineering </h1> <p>Most AI apps do not fail because they started too simple.</p> <p>They fail because the team introduced complexity before they had earned the need for it.</p> <p>That is the default mistake in AI engineering right now. Not underengineering. <strong>Overengineering too early.</strong></p> <p>A team ships a working prototype with prompt + tools. Then somebody decides that a “real” system needs orchestration. Then someone else proposes explicit state machines, checkpointing, multiple agents, delegation, recovery paths, approval flows, and a runtime architecture diagram that looks like an airport subway map.</p> <p>Meanwhile, the product still only needs to:</p> <ul> <li>answer a question,</li> <li>call
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